Ozone Layer Depletion

The ozone layer is mainly found in the lower portion of the stratosphere, about 20 to 30 km (12 to 19 miles) above the earth, though the thickness varies seasonally and geographically. The ozone layer protects living things from the sun’s harmful ultraviolet rays. Without the protection of the ozone layer, millions of people would develop skin cancer and weakened immune systems.

Concern about a depleting ozone layer dates back to the 1970s. Scientists then discovered a “hole” in the ozone layer over the Antarctic in the 1980s. Initially, concern for the ozone focused on chemicals known as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). Later, halons, carbon tetrachloride (CTC), methyl bromide and hydro chlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) were targeted.

In 1985, countries adopted the Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer. Two years later, they adopted the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer. This protocol has its own financial mechanism, the Multilateral Fund, which helps developing countries comply with the protocol.

With 198 nations party to the accord, the Montreal Protocol is the first treaty in the history of the United Nations to achieve universal ratification. To date, it has helped reduce nearly 99 percent of all global consumption and production of controlled ozone-depleting substances. As a result, the ozone layer is expected to recover to 1980 values by 2040.

The GEF is not formally linked to the Montreal Protocol but actively supports its implementation, through three activities:

The GEF focuses on three activities:

• Phase out use and production of CFCs, halons, and CTC
• Support efforts to phase out methyl bromide completely
• Support countries in phasing out HCFCs

The GEF has responded to new chemicals conventions and the movement towards integration among the conventions by evolving its strategy. GEF support covers all pollution of hazardous chemicals and waste, supporting the implementation of the various international agreements.

The GEF’s investments in countries to address pollution, agriculture, and industrial efficiency can better attract the private sector and link to efforts on increasing environmental sustainability in these sectors.